Wednesday, March 16, 2011

NAACP- Its Real Creators - Its Real Purpose

  Before we begin here with the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), let's first dispel a few myths (created mainly by way of the Internet).

Myth 1. W.E.B Du Bios was the creator of the NAACP. Not true. Du Bois was a member of a black "group" (Niagara Movement), which consisted of a number of prominent Black men who met a few times and expressed a desire, among other things, to have White people commit to race-nullification. It basically stopped meeting sometime before 1909. Du Bois had no firsthand input in the actual making of the NAACP organization. But he certainly did support its agenda.


Myth 2. Ida Wells was one of the founders of the NAACP.
Not true.  Her name never appeared as a member of the Executive Committee,  or as a founding member either. Nor did she ever write anything in her journalism capacity for the NAACP i.e. she never worked for the NAACP.

Myth 3. The NAACP was inspired by Jews (specifically Henry Moskowitz).
Not true. There were no Jewish members listed among the original Executive Committee members.

Myth 4.  The NAACP was created to make sure that people of African descent received their civil rights in America.
Not true. There were no civil rights laws in America at that time. 

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Okay, let's get started with how the NAACP was really created and it's intended purpose. 

   1.   The Beginning: In 1908, a White female social worker by the name of Mary White Ovington claimed to have read an article written by William English Walling describing a recent race riot in Springfield, Ill.. Based on this article, according to Miss Ovington, she became inspired to create an organization that would help those of African descent in America achieve more political representation and economic security.

         On Feb. 12, 1909, Miss Ovington (she was a lifelong spinster), along with Oswald Garrison Villard and William English Walling (both White males and Christians) sent out a
"Call" letter to everyone they believed would be supportive of an organization that would provide Blacks a new direction: integration.

           By May 1910, the future NAACP organizers had held two conferences in New York City. Without question the purpose of the first conference, which was attended by many Blacks (a "committee of 40" - which likely included Ida Wells), was a desire on the part of the White organizers to see if Blacks would be receptive to the new integration agenda. And, perhaps more likely, they were hoping Blacks would not protest against the societal anomaly they were suggesting to create. After all, racial integration was a complete contradiction to what did exist in 1910; and Blacks, since 1865, had never protested against the current living arrangements.  After the first conference, which did allay the worries of the White organizers of Black resistance, the next conference was used to choose the name of the new organization, develop an organizational strategy for racial integration and choose its executive board members.

(Mary W. Ovington's original name for the NAACP was 'The 'National Committee for the Advancement of the Negro People')

   2.   The Purpose: Thus was born the concept of racial integration, something never before practiced or even conceived of in human history.
1

        Not surprisingly, when the new and revolutionary NAACP was launched, even though it was created and run by White people, it wasn't in any way popular among the numerically and culturally dominant White population. In fact, the agenda was steadfastly rejected by the group. However, this attitude among the White population was likely rooted in simple and logically sound reasoning
:: that Blacks should be separate, and thereby achieve a feeling of self-reliance and empowerment as a distinct people (Booker T. Washington's desire and pursuit). Mainly for this reason, not one single White philanthropist of the day would offer financial help to the NAACP in its formative years.2

         
How The NAACP Pursued It's Integration Agenda:: Since the separation of the races was so deep-seeded within the White community, and it was the White population that had created all the urban centers, all the industries, and likely not a single White male in America was employed by a Black man in 1910, it certainly had to be very clear to the organizers of the NAACP that there was no quid pro quo to entice White males to accept racial integration on their own volition.  Naturally, given these existing circumstances, using persuasive measures such as literature and speeches to try to convince the White population from coast to coast (including the South) that integration was beneficial to them and they should just voluntarily submit to it, would appear to be a Herculean task necessitating far more in financial resources than the meager funds the NAACP had at its disposal. Therefore, the NAACP settled on a much more economically feasible strategy, which was to use the judicial system (judicial activism) to strike down those laws which apparently allowed for racial separation (i.e. allowed the White population to keep Black males out of what White males regarded as their political and economic arenas). In other words, the NAACP was intending that integration was to be forced on the White population.

       Historical Correction:   It is often stated that the NAACP was created because of the 1908 Springfield, Ill. riot.
3  This riot, which was initiated by White males against the city's Black population (the riot's flashpoint was the death of a White male, who had found a Black male intruder in his daughter's bedroom, gave chase and was killed during a struggle). It was clearly an ugly riot and surely the White population did desire to drive the Blacks from the city. Two Blacks were lynched (the number of Blacks lynched by White males - perhaps intentionally - equaled the number of White people killed by Back males in the previous few days). However, using this riot as the basis to launch an organization advocating integration of the races, and where there existed the possibility of such racially motivated violence, just doesn't sound logical.

         The most likely reason for using the Springfield riot, if one cares to read between the lines, is that Springfield was the recognized birthplace of President Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, and the White organizers of the NAACP were hoping Blacks would equate emancipation with integration. NOTE: Mary White Ovington and William English Walling where both very staunch socialists, and also very much involved in the socialist movement in America at that time. In fact, Mr. Walling endeavored to write the definitive book on socialism. So it doesn't seem like too much of a stretch to assume that Ovington and Walling's real motive in launching the organization was to use it to get the trust of negroes, then lure them from the republican party into the socialist party.

      Mr. DuBois' Contribution:    When the NAACP's Executive Committee was created in 1910 (with this committee rested all the power and decision making), only one member of this committee was a Negro: W.E.B. DuBois. Mr. DuBois was given the title of director of publicity and research, and his main duty was to be editor of the Crisis magazine (Miss Ovington's own recounting of the making of the NAACP, she implies she persuaded DuBois to join the organization after it was already established). W.E.B. DuBois does deserve all the credit for disseminating  through the Crisis the new concept of integration among the Black race; and creating the belief in the mind of particularly the urban Blacks that they should pursue integration into the White male's established society. By 1917, most northern urban black newspapers were following the lead of the Crisis.

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1. W.E.B. DuBois' Niagara Movement (1906 to 1909), which never became an actual organization but rather consisted of a number of prominent Black men, had gathered on three separate occasions and did issue a statement demanding that White Americans commit to race-nullification, among other things. The three meetings between 1906 and 1909 produced nothing substantive in improving the prospect of race-nullification from the White population.

2. According to the book "The Chronological History of the Negro", because of a complete lack of funds, the NAACP's first four years were devoted almost exclusively to reporting on and lodging complaints about lynching - through the Crisis - and on opening new branches in cities outside of New York City.

Wednesday, March 9, 2011

Charitable Giving of White Toward Black In American (1865 to 1964)

  Between 1865 and 1964,  in all of human history there is only one people who freely gave their time and money to another people ... for the sole purpose of trying to help them better their lives. The people doing the giving were the Americans (White Christian people of America).1 The ones who were the recipient of all the generosity and charity were the Negro people of America. Well, I thought it would be a good idea to acknowledge some examples of White Christian males/females generosity and charity directed toward the Black race in America, specifically between 1865 and 1964, and give credit where credit is richly due.


Also, note the effort by Americans below to assist those of African descent to become a separate & self-reliant people (the pursuit of Booker T. Washington) through education.  

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The Freedman's Bureau (1865 to 1872) :

 The Freedman’s Bureau (officially known as ‘The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands’) was created by Americans to feed and provide other life necessities to the Negro population of the South after the Civil War ended in 1865. However, well before the end of the Civil War, Americans organized all over the North various organizations to feed, clothe, educate and provide other needed necessities for the newly freed Negro people Note: according to W.E.B Du Bios, more than 50 organizations were active in relief capacity for the southern Negro by 1866.


The Tuskegee Institute:

 This icon of Black education was the brainchild of an Alabama prominent banker by the name of George W. Campbell (White male). Another White male, an Alabama state senator named W.F. Foster, spearheaded the necessary funding for the Institute through the state legislature. The result was a yearly appropriation of $2000.

The following Americans, all self-made millionaires, gave small fortunes - their own hard earned money - to this Negro self-sufficiency school over their lifetime:

--Andrew Carnegie 
--John D. Rockefeller
--Henry Rodgers
--Collis Huntington

 And,
--Julius Rosenwald*
--Anna T. Jeanes*
 * Julius Rosenwald was an immigrant Jew and self-made millionaire. 

 * Anna T. Jeanes, an American female, was not a self-made millionaire, but inherited her money from her husband.


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Howard University

  Howard University was chartered in 1867. It was championed by an American Civil War General, Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909), and the school hence bears his name. Howard University is also the ONLY higher education school ever to be directly funded by the US taxpayers (it still is).
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 Lincoln University

  Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) was an exclusive college for Negroes and was created in 1854 by an American named John Miller Dickey, who also became its first president. Lincoln University was originally named Ashmun Institute. The first Black president of the university was not elected until 1945.
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 Fisk University

  Fisk University was an all-Negro college that was established by three Americans, Erastus Milo Cravath, John Ogden and Edward Parmelee Smith in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1866.
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Wilberforce University

  Wilberforce University, located near Xenia, in Ohio, was an all-Negro college created by Americans from the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1856.. It was named after an American, William Wilberforce, who was an 18th century abolitionist.
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Cheyney University of Pennsylvania

  Cheyney University of Pennsylvania was an all-Negro school established in 1837.  An American named Richard Humphreys had bequeathed $10,000 in his will (10% of his estate) in 1832 for the sole purpose of creating a place of education for the Negro race. 


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Atlanta University

 Atlanta University was founded by Americans associated with the American Missionary Association, in 1865. Around 1866, its survival then shifted to, and depended upon, the Americans associated with the Freedman’s Bureau.
-------------------------------- 
In 1922, the Carnegie Corporation and the Rockefeller Memorial gave $25,000 each to create the Journal Of Negro History. 


In 1924, George Eastman (Kodack Co.) gave Tuskegee Institute $1 million dollars.

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John D. Rockefeller

  Mr. Rockefeller donated almost $180 million dollars to the General Education Board, which was chartered by Act of Congress in 1903.  Much of this money was spent supplying educational aid to the Negro people, specifically in the southern states (Mr. Rockefeller‘s $180 million translates to almost 2 billion dollars in 2008 dollars!).

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George Peabody Education Fund for poor Southerners

  George Peabody Education Fund was established by a an American named George Peabody, and was designed to help Negro colleges in the South at the turn of the century.

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The Slater Fund

 The Slater Fund was established by an American, James Fox Slater, in 1882.  Its primary purpose was to support southern Negro schools. Around 1915, this fund was worth about $1.75 million.
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The Jeanes Fund (Jeanes Foundation)

  An American female, Miss Anna T. Jeanes, a Quaker, created 'The Fund for Rudimentary Schools for Southern Negroes’ in 1907 from the monies left to her by her late husband. The purpose of the fund was to help Negroes create teachers for their people. It was endowed at one million dollars (a staggering sum at the time).

  The Southern Education Board: In or around 1900, Americans created the The Southern Education Board. It's funding was initially provided by the Slater Fund and the Jeans Funds. Americans, trained in the area of farming, would go to rural farms (Negro and American) and educate them on better farming techniques. The Southern Education Board was also very concerned with the high southern Negro illiteracy, which was, in 1900, almost 50% (for southern Americans, around 11%). 


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Phelps-Stokes Fund

 Established in 1911,American philanthropist and self-made millionaire Anson Phelps Stokes created this fund for the purpose of improving Negro life through education. Its endowment was approximately $900,000.


Minor Fund

 This fund was established by a American female, Miss Myrtilla Minor, in 1851. Its purpose was to provide aid to schools who would teach Negro girls to be teachers for their people.

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In 1910, according to the US census, 50% of Negroes (about 4.8 million) lived in urban centers (all created by American males). That means there would be approximately 2.4 million Negro males living in the urban centers of America. About 1/3rd would be too young to work, so that means there were about 1.6 million Negro males of working age living in American-built cities in 1910. Of those 1.8 million Negro males, 350,000 (almost 20%!) worked in a factory job (all factory jobs for the Negro were supplied by American males i.e. not ONE factory job in America was created by a Negro male --so, concomitantly, no American male (white) was employed by a Negro male in a factory job. Note: At this time in American history, you worked or you starved. (source: Chronological History of The Negro pg. 358)

Naturally, with Americans being so generous supplying jobs to Negro males, naturally, more Negro males were encouraged to come to the American-built urban areas.


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Julius Rosenwald

  Without question one of the most generous of the Euro race toward the Negro people was Julius Rosenwald (Jewish).  Most of his charity was gifted through the Rosenwald Fund (depleted in 1948)


Cushing Fund

  An American, Miss Emeline Cushing, established this fund in 1895 for the purpose of financially assisting colored schools.
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Americans Create Special School  - In Mississippi. - For Negro Boys To Own Land

source
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Daniel Hand Fund

  An American self-made millionaire, Daniel Hand,  established the Daniel Hand Fund in 1888. It was endowed at $1 million dollars (two-thirds of Mr. Hand’s entire personal wealth!). Mr. Hand stipulated that all of the Fund would be directed toward Negro education in the former slave states. When Mr. Hand died in 1893, he bequeathed the rest of his remaining wealth to this fund.


-------------------------------------------
Andrew Carnegie

  Mr. Carnegie, when he retired, was considered the richest man in the world. He also became the biggest philanthropist in America and gave generously to Negro educational causes, which included giving $600,000 to the Tuskegee Institute in 1903.
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Harmon Foundation

  The New York City Harmon Foundation was established in 1922 by an American, William Harmon (1862-1928). Its purpose was to aid and assist Negro art, artists, businesses, education for Negroes, farming needs, music, and other causes for the Negro.
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Garland Fund

 This White-male-established fund was used to help the NAACP through the Great Depression.


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John D. Rockefeller Jr.

 Mr. Rockefeller, Jr. built the Dunbar Apartments in New York City, a mammoth complex consisting of six buildings - 511 apartments - specifically to house low-income Negroes in Harlem. He also built and funded a bank in NYC solely for Negroes.

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Katharine Drexel

Katherine Drexel was born November 26, 1858 and died March 3, 1955. She was an American female, a nun, philanthropist, educator and later canonized as a Roman Catholic saint.

 "She became a nun, and took the name Sister Katharine, dedicating herself and her inheritance to the needs of [non-occupational ranking] Native Americans and African-Americans in the western and southwestern United States, and was a vocal advocate of racial tolerance. She established a religious order, the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament for Indians and Colored People. She also financed more than 60 missions and schools around the United States, and founded Xavier University of Louisiana[1] - the only historically Black, Roman Catholic university in the United States to date."
wikipedia 


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The United Negro College Fund

  In 1944 the United Negro College Fund was created. Almost all of the funding for its initial operation was provided by the General Education Fund and the Rosenwald Fund.


  Mr. William Trent, a Negro, in the course of his 20-year tenure as its first executive director, raised over $78 million for this fund, almost all of it coming from generous liberal Americans (Senator John F. Kennedy gave all of the profits from his book ‘Profiles in Courage' to this fund). 
                                                        ----------------------

Again, throughout human history only African-Americans have been the beneficiary of continuous generosity and charity from another people (White Christians), and not just between 1865 to 1964, but even continuing to the present day.
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1. American Jews also gave to the Negro people. Before 1950, it was mostly coming from the Rosenwald fund.

Note: I have scoured the Internet searching for examples of Black charity toward the White population in America for the period of 1865 to 1964, and I have have found not ONE example. I do desire to be fair-minded, so If anyone does have knowledge of an example(s), complete with a bona fide, and verifiable, source, please let me know and I'll include it here.

Tuesday, March 8, 2011

American-Initiated Riots - Flashpoints (1900 to 1964)

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   It is probably common for most people in America today to believe that riots initiated by white males against the black race during the pre civil-rights era was a rather common occurrence. Well, the truth is, a riot / racial assault of this type was actually very rare. The grand total is 31. Below is the complete list of the white male-initiated riots (that I could find) from the beginning of the 20th century to the launching of  Compulsory Inclusionism  (1964).

     Oh, and just to add some perspective here ... When the Civil Rights Act was signed into law in 1964, over the next 5 years in predominately black areas of America's urban centers, back males would launch over 200 black-initiated riots against white people and their businesses. These riots included looting and burning white people's businesses, and also included the beating and murdering of innocent white people. And the aftermath from all that violence, hate and racism? Well, other than the white people who were found dead or serious injured ... what followed was "white flight."


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   Black Male Atrocities Since 1964 - White Victims (May 2011)

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1901

Peirce City, Mo.
 Flashpoint: Rape & murder of young American girl - White people set five black homes on fire and drove many from the city (apparently all negroes fled the town).

1903:

Joplin, MO.
Flashpoint: Murder of American police officer. (source)

1904:

Statesboro, GA
 Flashpoint: Negro males' massacred an entire American (white) family

Springfield, OH
 Flashpoint: Negro murdered an American police officer.


1906:

Springfield, OH

 Flashpoint : Negro murdered an American male.

Greensburg, IN
 Flashpoint: Negro assaulted his white employer.

Atlanta, GA
 Flashpoint : Negro males' sexual assaults (rapes) of American (white) females.

Argenta, AR (AKA, North Little Rock)
 Flashpoint : Negro males' slaughtered two innocent Americans (apparently as retaliation for a Negro being killed by a white police officer).

1908 :

Springfield, IL

 Flashpoint:: Negro male invaded an American's home - crawled in thru an open bedroom window - and attempted to rape a young girl. The father of the young girl chased the Negro and in an ensuing fight the father was stabbed to death. There was also another recent murder of an American male, which added to the angry mood of the local American population toward the Negroes.

1910:

 Anderson County (Palestine), TX, 'Slocum Massacre' : Americans attacked and killed an unknown number of Negroes. One newspaper account stated "24 Negros, 4 Whites" were killed. Motive for the violence by the Americans toward the Negroes was not disclosed. source LINK

1917 :

East St. Louis, MO
 Flashpoint: Negro strikebreakers... Major act of provocation came from the ambush/murder of two American police officers.

1919 :
Millen, GA 
 Flashpoint:: Negro male murdered two American policemen.

Omaha, NE
 Flashpoint:  Negro male raped an American female. Note:: Wikipedea's version implies that racial tensions existed because of Negro strike-beakers, but this is simply false. This riot erupted over a rape. Every riot in American history where it erupted because of a Negro crime, wikipedea's version, at least it seems to me, always tries to eliminate or obfuscate Negro provocation, and make it into solely a racist act by American (white) Christian people. Again, at least it seems that way to me.
Chicago, IL
 Flashpoint: A stone throwing incident by American males attacking a single Negro male for encroachment (the color line), which resulted in the drowning death of the Negro. This led to an assault on an American police officer, which then escalated.

Washington, D.C.
 Flashpoint: Numerous incidents of Negro males' raping American females.

Knoxville, TN 
 Flashpoint: Unknown
Charleston, S.C.
 Flashpoint: A negro shot a sailor. Navy recruits - estimates put them at about 2000 - answered this attack by charging into Charleston looking for the negro who shot the sailor. When they found him he was shot (died later from his wound). In all, two people died and 19 were injured (17 were negroes).

The Following are Wikipedia's False Claims of a Riot For The Year 1919:
     * Syracuse, NY: Note: WOW! Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. There was a 'racist' riot. However, blacks were ones who initiated this riot - involved looting and burning white people's businesses. Seems blacks believed police beat up a black male during an arrest. Turned out to be a false rumor.LINK
     * Ocmulgee, Ga. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. However, I could find no evidence of an actual "riot" - attacking innocent blacks. Three negro churches and a lodge were burned. It seems a negro, Eli Cooper, was deliberately stirring up hatred against white people, and not just demanding an "uprising" but actually planned a racial attack right down to the specific day, including that negroes " ...wipe out the white people". Yes, you're reading right - a racially motivated massacre in the works. White people responded to this threat by lynching him. The physical structures that were burned were determined to be associated with the meeting places of Eli Cooper and his fellow negro supporters.LINK
     * Sylvester, Ga. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. However, I have found nothing to indicate a riot actually occurred. There's nothing on the internet describing it and, most interestingly, there is no newspaper article at this LINK...reporting on a riot. Seems if a riot did actually occur... it would have made it to the newspapers.
      * Putnam County, Ga. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. Nothing on the internet about this race riot. Could it be that Wikipedia is reporting on this riot>>>Link
      * Monticello, Miss. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. However, I have found no evidence of this riot on the internet.
      * Scranton, Penn, Note: Wikipedia claims a race riot took place here. However, I have found no evidence of this riot on the internet.
      * Bloomington, IL Note: Wikipedia claims a race riot took place here. However, I have found no evidence of this riot on the internet.
      * Newberry, S.C. Note: Wikipedia states there was a race riot. Nothing of the sort occurred. A black ex-soldier "insulted a white woman". He was arrested then whisked away by the sheriff to another county. A small number of white men came calling at the jail...only to discover the negro was not there. That was the end of it. Link
     * Darby, PA Note: Wikipedia states a race riot occurred. Well, if one did occur, the newspapers missed it. A negro, who was employed by a very well liked middle-aged white man,  brutally murdered him - skull crushed - in an apparent robbery. Feelings among many white men for a lynching were high but it never happened. Link
     * Texarkana, Tx. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. However, I have found no evidence of this riot on the internet.
     * Coatsville, Pa. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. However, I have found no evidence of this riot on the internet. Link
     * Hattiesburg, Miss. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. However, there's nothing on the internet about this race riot.
     * Philadelphia, Pa. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. However, no real riot situation occurred. White and black youths squared off and some fist fights broke out. The details to this insignificant event are lacking - like what the flashpoint was. Here's the gist of it: Link
     * Port Arthur, Tx. Note: Wikipedia claims there was a race riot here. No riot occurred. Two black males were smoking and irritating a female passenger on a street car. White males came over and demanded the negroes put their cigarettes out. They continued to blow smoke in the direction of the white female. A fight erupted and the two blacks - who deliberately provoked the incident - got the worst of it.Link

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Bisbee, AZ (note: this one hardly qualifies as a white-male provoked riot, but here it is) Flashpoint: Negro soldiers from the 10th Calvary, who were said to be "drunk" beat up a white male soldier who had made a disparaging remark to them. The sheriff of the town requested the negro soldiers give up their revolvers to avoid further trouble - this was a civilian town and the local law enforcement was the law, so the sheriff had every legal right to request the negroes' weapons. Had the negroes did what was legally required of them to do, which was to surrender their weapons and then return to their base, there would have been no further problem. Instead, not only did the negroes refuse to surrender their weapons but to add to the provocation, they stayed in town. These actions by the negroes were, of course, a direct affront toward the sheriff,  and also an effort to upstage the sheriff, local law enforcement and to establish supremacy.  The sheriff reacted to this criminal challenge by forming a posse to disarm the negro soldiers in the town (numbering about 100). Predictably, the negro soldiers - with their supremacist attitude - decided to draw their weapons on the local law enforcement officers and shoot at them . A street battle ensued. It lasted about an hour before the negro soldiers, realizing they couldn't win (or ran out of ammunition) decided to surrender.
Wiki: "At least eight people were shot or seriously wounded in total: Four of the Buffalo Soldiers were shot, two were beaten, a deputy sheriff was "severely injured," and a Mexican bystander named Teresa Leyvas was struck in the head by a stray bullet."
Longview, TX.  Flashpoint: A black male was lynched for crawling into a white female's bedroom (numerous incidents similar to this here >>Link) A local black male was known to be a reporter for a black militancy newspaper called the Black Defender.   An article appeared in that newspaper stating that the lynched black man and the white female were actually secret lovers desiring to run away together. It even put words into white female's mouth inferring she was madly in love with the lynched black man - and that the black man was lynched because of this love affair. The brothers of the white female became enraged upon learning of this article...and went after the black reporter and beat him terribly. No other negro was injured in this incident.
Elaine, AK
 Flashpoint : Negro male murdered an American police officer.
1921 :

Tulsa OK
  Flashpoint : Alleged Negro sexual assault.

1923 :

Rosewood, Fl.
  Flashpoint : A Negro male, who was an an escaped convict, broke into the home of an American female and beat her mercilessly demanding money.  A posse of local Americans was formed to hunt down the Negro and when they trapped him in a Negro home in Rosewood, two Americans were gunned down. Local Americans took out their rage for the two murders and the beating of the American female by burning the predominately Negro town of Rosewood (population around 100). NOTE: Some accounts of this incident claim the American female was raped.

1926 :

Carteret, NJ
  Flashpoint : Negro male(s) assaulted two innocent American males, resulting in the stabbing of one and the death of the other.

Aiken, SC
  Flashpoint : Negro male allegedly murdered an American police officer.

1927 :

Coffeeville, KN
  Flashpoint: Negro male sexual assault on American female.

Little Rock, AR.
  Flashpoint: Negro raped and brutal murdered an 11-year-old American  girl.

1930 :

Sherman County, TX
  Flashpoint: Brutal Rape of American female (note:: rapes by Negro males also took place in North Texas and Oklahoma in the same month as this riot, likely escalating the mood for violence). Other than the Negro murderer/rapist (burned alive in the jail when it was set afire) , no innocent Negroes were injured in the Sherman County riot. However, the black section of town was burned.

1942 :
Detroit, MI
  Flashpoint : Labor unrest

1943 :
Detroit, MI
  Flashpoint : Rumors of attacks on local American.

Mobile AL
  Flashpoint : Labor unrest

Beaumont, TX
  Flashpoint : Negro male rape of an American female.

1946 :

Athens, AL
  Flashpoint : Negro male assault on an American.

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So, summing up from 1900 to 1964:
  • Total riots initiated by American Males = 32
    BREAKDOWN:
    --American-initiated riots as a direct result of African-American male rape / sexual assault on a American (White) female = 12
    --American-initiated riots as a direct result of an unprovoked Negro attack (non-sexual assault) on a White person = 13                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Putting it another way, about 78% of the above American-initiated riots were a direct result of either a sexual assault or murder/ attempted murder.
Now, go to the LINK below ...and see for yourself the reign of terror white people had to endure from the Negroes.   LINK 

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Note:  In Durant, OK, on August 14, 1911, could be the site of an American-initiated riot;   however, I can't find any information to verify that a riot actually occurred.    One thing is absolutely certain:: a Negro male viciously attacked , raped and then brutally beat  an innocent American,  Mrs. Redden Campbell, who later died from her injuries.  Upon hearing of the American female's attack and seriousness of her wounds ... and that her attacker was a Negro, a posse of 500 American males went after him.  The Negro was killed in a shoot-out, then his body was burned.  When the local Americans found out the Negro's victim had died from her wounds,  they threatened to riot that evening against the city's small Negro population. 

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Rosewood Massacre (1923) What Really Happened

    (Main Menu Page For All Blogs 
                

  • >>Lynching In American History >>>LINK
  • >>Atrocities Committed By African-American 1900 to 1964 - White Victims >>>LINK

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                         Rosewood Massacre: Fiction & Fact

     

NOTE: American initiated riots against African Americans between 1900 to 1960 is only 31 (at least, that's all I could find >>Link). And of those 31 ... 78% were a direct consequence of either a sexual assault or a murder (usually a police officer).

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1923 Rosewood massacre : Fiction & Fact


    Fiction:
The town of Rosewood (FL) in 1923 was an entirely African-American town and boasted a population of about 300 or more. 

    Fact:  Rosewood was described as “mostly African-American”, therefore, there were some Americans living in the community. In the book The Chronological History of the Negro,  a far left-leaning, pro-integration recounting of African-American experiences from the 1700s and up until 1968, tells us there were “six buildings” burned down in the town (the town had just recently been vacated due to news of impending mob violence).  And after the buildings were burned, then, a few days later, “the 12 remaining structures” were burned. These 12 structures were obviously residences (homes) in the African-American part of the small community. Doing the simple math here, it tells us that most likely there were only 12 African- American families in Rosewood. The typical African-American family back then would have consisted of about six or seven. That would put the African-American population of Rosewood at approximately 80, with the adult male population at around 12 to 14.

Note: Despite Wikipedia's claim (produced from a thoroughly unreliable source, African American Maxine Jones) that Sumner and Rosewood had a combined population of  "344 blacks and 294 whites,"  there is no existing census data that I could find to support this claim.  Rosewood shared a census tract with Sumner, so there is no way of knowing exactly how many people (white or black) lived in Rosewood.  However, the "12 structures", or homes, in the black section gives a pretty accurate clue. Whites were likely about half or less of the black population in Rosewood, so that would put the white population at about 30 or 40 (6 or 7 families) ...and make the total Rosewood population ( white & black) around 120.

Of further note: I am assuming that the white mob only burned the black homes. However, all reports of the Rosewood riots state that the town was completely destroyed. So it could also be that the 12 structures were the total number of homes in Rosewood. That, of course, would greatly reduce the population size of Rosewood.  If one were to assume, for example, that eight of the structures belonged to African-American, and the remaining four were occupied by Americans, that would put the approximate size of the black population at around 50, with about 7 or 8 adult black males; the white population would be around 35. The total Rosewood population in this scenario would be about 85 people.  I'm also assuming (no way to find the truth here) that all 12 structures were actually occupied by families on January 1st.

Archived newspaper account of what happened. LINK


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    Fiction:  From Wikipedia:  South, Florida had imposed legal racial segregation under Jim Crow laws, requiring separate black and white public facilities and transportation.[6] Blacks and whites created their own community centers: in 1920, the residents of Rosewood were mostly self-sufficient. They had three churches, a school, a large Masonic Hall, a turpentine mill, a sugarcane mill, a baseball team named the Rosewood Stars, and two general stores, one of which was white-owned. 

    Fact:  "Jim Crow laws" : South Florida, as well as the entire country, was actually operating under Plessy  v. Ferguson (1896 Supreme Court decision allowing for the separation of the races). One distinct  people living separate from another distinct people was the established norm in America at that time.  It was also the established norm throughout human history.  Blacks were a free people, free to build their own towns, their own cities and their own industries; or colonize a place in the vast expanse of unsettled land in America (e.g. like the Mormons).  Regarding the buildings in Rosewood, this has already been covered. There were "six buildings" burned.  The quote above indicates there were nine structures in Rosewood that were non-residences. The existing structures in Rosewood at that time were:: two churches (white and black); two schools (white and black); a likely abandoned turpentine mill ; and only one daily operating business in Rosewood, which was  the general store operated by a white male (John Wright). 

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    Fiction:  The railroad stopped in Rosewood.

    Fact:  The railroad did not have a regularly scheduled stop in Rosewood in 1923. And why would it? The only industry in the area, the timber industry, had moved more than two decades earlier to Sumner. There was also no hotel and no business activity (one general store) in Rosewood.. 



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    Fiction: All the African-Americans who formerly lived in Rosewood had remained silent about the incident over all these years (1923 to 1982) because they decided that it was just such a terrible event ... they would all just blot it out from their memories.
 
    Fact:   When the news of impending mob violence reached Rosewood,  all African Americans fled the small town, with the exception of Mrs. Carrier , a couple young kids (actual number unknown) and the African-American fugitive (Jesse Hunter).  Since Mrs. Carrier and the fugitive died in a hail of gunfire from the posse, and the kids were too young to actually recall what happened,  there were no other African Americans left in the tiny town as an eyewitness to report on the incident.   
  
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    Fiction:  An American female,
Mrs. Fannie Taylor, was in fact attacked and beat-up ... but made up a story about an African-American male doing it.  Why? Because the brutal attack was really perpetrated by her  “white” male lover (i.e. she was having an affair) and she knew she would have to explain the bruises to her husband when he arrived home from work.  Hence, the “made up story”.

    Fact :
  1.)  On the day of the home invasion / assault, an African-American male, Jesse Hunter, had escaped from a prison work detail in the vicinity of Rosewood. The fugitive would have been penniless and, naturally, in need of money to get out of the Rosewood area.  Strong-arming a young American female home alone would be an obvious source to obtain some quick money.


  2.)  The source for the
story of the alleged “white guy” seen coming out of Fannie Taylor's home, came from an African-American Arnett Doctor. He wasn't alive at the time of the Rosewood incident.  He told a white male journalist, Gary Moore, that his mom, Philomena Goins, who would have been 7-years-old at the time of the incident, told him all about how she and her mother, Sarah Carrier, witnessed the white lover leaving Mrs. Taylor's premises on the day of the assault.   Note:  Gary Moore and Arnett Doctor's  "new" version to Rosewood was created in 1982.   

   Reality check...  The new version to Fannie Taylor being beat-up claims Fannie Taylor was beat-up by her "white lover," then he fled toward Rosewood (about 3 miles away). Here are the only two possible scenarios - that I can think of - where Fannie Taylor would run to the sheriff and report an erroneous assault on her by a black man.

Scenario 1: After the beating by her white lover, Fannie Taylor looks in the mirror and notices bruises she knows she cannot explain to her husband, so she and the white male cook up a story where she intends to frantically run to the sheriff and tell him a black man beat her and robbed her. Well, if this is the scenario, then why is the white male fleeing? He has nothing to worry about. He knows Fannie is blaming a black man. Right? Hmmm. Maybe the white male walked the three miles to Rosewood. Possible. 

Scenario 2: The white male strikes Fannie Taylor. Furious, Fannie Taylor tells her white lover she's going to the sheriff and report him, then storms out of the house. However, along the way, Fannie decides against blaming the assault on her white lover and instead hurriedly concocts story about a black man beating her. Again though, why would the white male be fleeing for his life? He has nothing to really fear. There were no domestic violence laws back then, so a female being struck by a male in a lover's quarrel would not be an arrestable offense. Also, the white male, one could logically expect, would quickly figure out that if Fannie Taylor did report her beating to the sheriff, this would reveal to everyone, including her husband, that she is having an affair!  And what would that mean in 1923? Scandal! Divorce! Ostracizing!   So under this scenario as well, one would expect the white male lover to flee.  But it certainly would have been time for him to leave her premises.  Again, maybe he walked toward Rosewood.

Both of the above scenarios, in my opinion, are actually equally implausible. In fact, no scenario can be created to provide a logical reason for the white male to flee for his life toward Rosewood. The only plausible scenario as to who beat up Fannie Taylor is the original version:: An escaped convict, Jesse Hunter, invaded Fannie Taylor's home, beat her up (possible rape) , made her reveal where any household money was, then he fled toward Rosewood.
  And one final thing to consider: When Gary Moore heard this fantastic new version to Rosewood from Arnett Doctor, who, again, was claiming he was reciting what his mother told him about the event,  why didn't Gary Moore go straight to the source i.e. the mother? WHY?? Read below:

 " [Philomena Goins] Doctor called her family members [after Arnett Doctor and Gary Moore's new version of Rosewood was published in 1982] and declared Moore's story and Ed Bradley's television exposé were full of lies."
 wikipedia

The alleged affair in the new version is simply not to be believed. .

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   Fiction:
 Six African-Americans, perhaps many more, were murdered; many being lynched. Also, sadistic white people actually cut off body parts of the blacks and took them home for souvenirs.

   Fact: Four African-Americans died, two adult males and two adult females
: Sam Carter; Mrs. Sarah Carrier; Jesse Hunter;  Miss Lexie Gordon. There were no lynchings (hangings) in these "riots", which occurred over two non-contiguous days. None of the four blacks were dismembered for souvenir body parts.

    Day 1, Jan.1st : A couple hours after the assault, an American posse with bloodhounds tracked a scent from Fannie Taylor's home in Sumner to the home of an African-American male, Sam Carter. This piece of information, which is beyond dispute, is of vital importance.  Where did the bloodhounds get the scent they tracked to Mr. Carter’s home? They got that scent from the clothes of Fannie Taylor that the African-American male left on it when he physically assaulted her. The bloodhounds, able to track a human scent up to 36 hours after it was left, had no trouble tracking the scent to Mr. Carter’s place (no, these dogs where not bred by white people to be racists toward blacks).
 At Mr. Carter's home is where the scent stopped. The group of armed Americans, ergo, had no other conclusion to draw than Mr. Carter had met with and aided the fugitive to escape by wagon.  A rope was tied around Mr. Carter's neck and he was threatened with being hanged if he didn’t reveal what he knew. However, Mr. Carter remained uncooperative and, much to the consternation of the mob, an American (unknown ) shot and killed him with a single gunshot to the body (or head). Mr. Carter was left where he fell and the mob moved on (Mr. Carter was NOT hung).

From the official coroner's jury inquest, 1923: 
"We the Jury after the examination of the said Sam Carter who being found lying Dead, find that the said Sam Carter came to his Death by being shot by Unknown Party so say we all."(1)

   Day 2, Jan 4th :  In the evening hours, hearing rumors that the African-American fugitive was at a house in Rosewood, a small group of armed Americans (no way of unknowing how many) descended on the home of Mrs. Sarah Carrier (an African-American). Two American males went to the front door and knocked loudly, demanding everyone inside come out.  NOTE:  This is where the known evidence of what follows ends. What did happen here, however, is really the most important related to the burning of the African-American homes in Rosewood. The two white males who knocked on the Carrier front door were fact gunned down.  And it was this incident that set the stage for the torching of Rosewood. 

   Most Likely scenario: At the home of Sarah Carrier, two Americans,  Henry Andrews, 42, and C. P. "Poly" Wilkerson, 45, knocked on the front door and demanded everyone inside come out.  The fugitive, Jesse Hunter, is inside and likely holding a gun on Sarah Carrier (And how did Jesse Hunter get to the Carrier's home?  There's only one way he could have got there: Sam Carter [gunned down three days earlier]  took him there by wagon to hide him).   When Sarah Carrier opened the door the Negro fugitive
ambushed the two Americans, murdering them at pointblank range.  Gunfire immediately erupted from the posse and Mrs. Carrier was killed in a hail of bullets. The fugitive was also mortally wounded; however, he still returned fire. After a period of time the posse members, running low or out of ammunition, and also not sure if the fugitive was actually dead, decided to leave and return the next day. Upon returning the following day the two dead Americans are claimed.  Inside the Carrier home are two dead bodies:  Sarah Carrier and an adult Negro male.

Note: There is no known source that has positively identified the adult African-American male found dead in the Carrier home.  The 'new version' to this event insists that the victim is Sylvester Carrier (son of Sarah Carrier). Naturally, this would create a scenario where Mr. Carrier is simply defending his house and avenging the senseless slaughter of his mother by sadistic and bloodthirsty white guys.  However, a few questions arise with this version: Why would members of the posse gun down Sarah Carrier for no reason, a woman some or many there were likely acquainted with?  Why would Sylvester Carrier gun down two white males on his front porch that he likely knew for years?   Why would Sylvester Carrier risk the lives of his mother  and the children in the house ... by provoking a gunfight with a posse?  In my opinion, the new version here (that Sylvester Carrier was defending his house) just doesn't seem logical.  The only logical version that does fit is that the rumor was true that the fugitive was inside the Carrier home ... and he (Jesse Hunter) slaughtered the two Americans.

   Day 3, Jan. 5th. :  A large group of Americans (no way of knowing how many) set fire to six buildings in the Negro section of Rosewood.  These were not homes.  No person (white or black) was killed or injured in this incident. 

   Day 4, Jan. 7th :  To avenge the
slaughter
of the two white males, white people from nearby towns gathered in Rosewood and burned the remaining 12 structures - specifically the 12 African-American homes.  An African-American female, who was apparently suffering from typhoid fever and was bedridden, was burned alive (or escaped the house but died of smoke inhalation) when her house was set afire. Most likely, the ones setting the fire were not aware she was inside.

Note:  Wikipedia's version states that a black male was “shot in the face” and then “hung…”.  This alleged incident first appears after 1982 in the
“new version' of Rosewood, that was manufactured by Gary  Moore, a white male “self-employed” (unemployed?) freelance writer.


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   Fiction: One African-American
 is known to have been forced to dig is own grave before he was killed. Another African-American male, Mingo Williams , minding his own business and doing some hunting, was gunned down when he was spotted by a some white males who were driving to Rosewood (Jan.7th).

   Fact:  The African-American male being forced to dig his own grave was said to be James Carrier.  The newspaper account of this incident tells us that James Carrier was shot days after Rosewood was burned.
Americans most likely blamed him - one would assume on provable evidence - that he was directly or indirectly involved in the shooting deaths of the two American posse members.  There is also NO existing credible evidence - that I can find -   that a group of Americans gunned down an African-American male who was out hunting.

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 So let’s sum up what we have as to the true and ironclad facts concerning Rosewood :

  1.  An American female was attacked and beat-up by a an African-American male. There is nothing I can find in the way of credible evidence that states the female was raped. However, there is evidence that states that members of the posse hunting for the African-American fugitive believed the woman was raped. 

  2. All credible evidence points to the perpetrator of the attack on Fannie Taylor being an African-American male who had just escaped from a nearby prison work-crew (Jesse Hunter).

  3. According to the book Chronological History of the Negro (published in 1969), and whose sources were newspaper accounts from the Rosewood riots period, stated "four Negroes and two white people were killed."  Only ONE African-American male (Mr. Sam Carter) is known to have been deliberately shot and killed by someone who was certainly an American (white). Three more African-Americans, Mrs. Sarah Carrier, fugitive Jesse Hunter,  and Miss Lexie Gordon, were also killed.  Sarah Carrier and Jesse Hunter died in
the Carrier home from a hail of gunfire from the posse ... after two American posse members were massacred - ambushed.  The other African-American, a female, Lexie Gordon, stricken with typhoid fever and bedridden, died by fire or smoke inhalation when her home was set afire. 

  4. Because an African-American gunned down two Americans, this caused a fury among the local American population, and they took out their rage against the physical structures belonging to African-Americans in Rosewood: six buildings were burned then, a few days later, 12 African-American homes were burned.

  5.  Mr. Sylvester Carrier, whose mother died inside their home, presumably in a hail of gunfire after the killing of the two Americans, according to Arnett Doctor, Mr. Carrier was still alive after the Rosewood incident.  Arnett Doctor claims his family received Christmas cards from
Sylvester many years after the incident. 

>>>> Proof that Sylvester Carrier was NOT defending his house against white males trying to break his door down: "Arnett Doctor [son of Philomena Goins Doctor - whose grandmother was Mrs. Carrier and killed by the posse], in his interview for the report given to the Florida Board of Regents, claimed that his mother received Christmas cards from Sylvester Carrier until 1964"  <<<<   Ergo, Sylvester Carrier was alive and well after the Rosewood incident.  In other words, he was not the black male lying dead in the house with his mother.

So who was the dead African-American male on the floor with Sarah Carrier?  It had to be the African-American fugitive Jesse Hunter.  

  6. Two other deaths allegedly related to the Rosewood burning were added after 1984 - likely so those surviving family members could cash in on any settlement that was in the works.


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1. http://afgen.com/roswood2.html